Erum Education

 Laboratory Responsibilities of the lab works. 1. The lab workers plays an important role to find out the cause of disease by providing the phygicion the required lab test result. 2. The laboratory workers thus helps the patient to get better by providing accurate test finding to the phygicions. 3. The laboratory worker should not offer personal excuses for short coming in the performance of duty. 4. Any error should be reported to the superior without fear, So that they can be corrected. 5. Trust must always be told because a wrong result may lead to patient death. 6. The laboratory technician should look after all equipment carefully and should try to needed for each test. It is necessary to keep the reagent bottles, glassware other laboratory requirement appropriate places after its use. 7. In the course of laboratory testing the laboratory workers gains a lot of information about patient of their illness. Every laboratory worker must maintain high moral to professional standard...

 Collection of Specimen Introduction The specimen which are investigated for various biochemistry analysis or diagnosis of disease to monitor treatment or for research purpose they are- Blood  CFS ( Cerebrospinal Fluid ) Gastric juice  Calculi Pleural Fluid Urine Saliva Sweat Pericardial fluid Sputum Stool For the successful isolation of any pathogen or determination of any particular biomarker in a sample following things are dependent - Types of specimen  Collection time Method of dispatch so the laboratory storage  Aseptic flandling Specimen Collection  Specimen should be collected under aseptic conditions It is necessary to avoid contamination discharge with skin contact. Specimen should be collected in dry spoil containers. Specimen must be clearly labelled with Patient name  Date  Time  Word 5. Each specimen should be collected according to requirement for the investigation. 6. Some Specimen are labelled with high risk and must be with ...

Contents [ hide ] Collection of Urin Sample There are three method of collection of urine  Random collection  Timed collection 24 hour urine sample 1. Random collection Random sample of urine is collected at anytime of the day. This sample is prefer for protein analysis. 2. Timed collection Timed collection is obtained at specific time of the day or during specific phase of nuituration  Ex :- Glucose tolerance test 3. 24 hour collection  This collection is used for all the clinically important biomolecules in urine sample with excepting fasting urine sample. Urine analysis  Test for Glucose  Benedict's qualitative test-  Take 5ml benedict qualitative reagent then add 8 drops of Urine Sample boil the sample  Blue Colour > nil > Glucose absent  Green colour > 0.5gm% > Glucose Present  Yellow colour > 1gm% > Glucose Present Orange Colour > 1.5gm%> Glucose Present Red Colour > 2 or more gm% Glucose Present Pr...

 Pernicious Anemia A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B12. It is an organ specific auto immune diseases in which the body's immune system attacks the lining of the stomach.It was considered as a deadly disease due to the lack of available treatment. Pernicious anemia is most common in caucasian persons of north European ancestry than in other racial groups. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is a water-solu ble vitamin that keeps your nerves and red blood cells healthy. It is responsible for the smooth functioning of several critical body processes. It helps to form red blood cells. It is found in animal foods including meat, fish, eggs, milk and other dairy products. Causes Intrinsic factor(IF) is a glycoprotein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vit812. When the stomach does not make enough IF, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. As a result it can cause permanent damage to nerves and other organs. Also parietal...

 Introduction: Cross Matching is a procedure performed prior to a blood transfusion to determine whether donor blood is compatible (or incompatible) with recipient blood. Compatibility is determined through matching of different blood group systems, the most important of which are the ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood. Purpose of Cross Matching The crossmatch is routinely used as the final step of pretransfusion compatibility testing. The purposes of compatibility testing are to detect: irregular antibodies; errors in ABO grouping, and clerical errors in patient identification and result recording. The crossmatch will detect the following: 1. Most recipient antibodies directed against antigens on the donor red blood cells. 2. Major errors in ABO grouping, labeling, and identification of donors and recipients. Principle Cross-matching will detect incompatibilities between the donor and recipient th...

Contents [ hide ]  Objective 1. Describe the basis of blood typing. 2. Know about ABO and Rh system of blood typing and their clinical Significance. 3. Describe incompatibilities ABO and Rh Systems. 4. Know the different types of blood transfusions and their complications ( transfusions reaction ). 5. Describe the basis of the blood typing and crossmatching tests for a safe blood transfusion. Basis of Blood grouping or Typing (Multiplicity of Antigens in the blood cells) At least 30 commonly occurring antigens have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs. These can cause Ag-Ab (antibody) reaction if mixed with plasma that contain Ab against these Ag. According to presence or absence of these antigens blood is classified into several groups or types. Two groups of Ag can cause transfusion reactions more than others: ABO and Rh systems of Ag. ABO System for Blood Typing A and B Antigens Agglutinogens ABO blood types Relative frequency of different blood types: O.    4...

 This test measures the amount of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in your blood. Red blood cells play a vital role in transporting oxygen from your lungs to your entire body and returning carbon dioxide to your lungs for excretion. Red blood cell count (RBC) counts are usually performed as part of a complete blood count. This is a diagnostic test for various health conditions. Why You Need Blood RBC Test Done by Specialist? The RBC figure is almost always part of the complete blood count (CBC) test. Tests can help diagnose different types of anemia (low number of RBCs) and other conditions affecting red blood cells. Other situations that may require RBC counts are: Diseases that damage the blood vessels of the kidneys (Alport syndrome) Cancer of white blood cells (Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia) Disorders when red blood cells drop faster than normal (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) Bone marrow disorders in which the bone marrow is restored to red tissue (myelofibrosis) Normal...

Contents [ hide ]  How to Get Lower Blood Pressure Naturally? High blood pressure is a dangerous condition that can damage your heart. It affects one third of the population in the US and 1 billion people worldwide (Reliable Source 1,2). Left unmanaged, high blood pressure raises the risk of heart disease and stroke. But there is good news. There are many things you can do to lower your blood pressure naturally, even without medication. Here are 5 natural ways to fight high blood pressure. 1. Go and exercise regularly Exercise is one of the best things you can do to reduce high blood pressure. Regular physical activity helps to strengthen your heart and to pump blood, which in turn lowers your arteries. In fact, moderate exercise for 150 minutes, such as walking, or vigorous exercise for 75 minutes, such as running, weekly, can help lower blood pressure and improve your heart health (Reliable Source, 4 source). In addition, doing more exercise lowers your blood pressure even ...

Contents [ hide ]  An Overview of High Blood Pressure& Its Risk Factors HBP risk factors at a glance: There are many factors and variations that can put you at greater risk for developing high blood pressure (HBP or hypertension). Understanding these dangers can help you to determine how high your blood pressure can be. Risk factors related to identity Common genetic and physiological symptoms of hypertension include: Family history If your parents or other close relatives have high blood pressure, you are more likely to get it yourself. Age The older you are, the more likely you are to get high blood pressure. As we grow older, our blood vessels gradually lose their elasticity, which can contribute to elevated blood pressure. However, children can also develop high blood pressure. Learn more about children with high blood pressure. Gender Up to 64 years of age, men are more likely to have high blood pressure than women. 65 years and older, women are more likely to hav...

Contents [ hide ] Introduction - Causes of High Blood Pressure: The Problem and What You Should Know What is Blood pressure? Blood pressure is a blood pressure that presses against the walls of your blood vessels. Blood vessels carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body. Your blood pressure often rises and falls throughout the day. What do blood pressure numbers mean? Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: The first number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart is asleep in the middle of a heartbeat. If the ratio reads 120 systolic and 80 diastolic, you can say, “120 over 80,” or write, “120/80 mmHg.” Normal level of blood pressure Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg¹.  No matter how old you are, you can take steps each day to keep your blood pressure in check. What is high blood pressure ...

Contents [ hide ]  What Happens During a Typical Blood Donation? Your blood flow with many steps and tests ensures that our blood supply is as safe as possible and helps as many people as possible. Step one The Donation You get to the point where you are nominated for a blood donation. Health history with a slim body is complete. With a complete blood donation, about a liter of blood is collected; Several small blood test tubes are also collected for testing. Your donation, test tubes and donor record are marked with the same bar code label. Your donation is stored on ice before being taken to a Red Cross facility for processing; test tubes go to the laboratory. Step two The Donation Most blood donations are twisted centrifuge to separate components that can be dispensed: red cells, platelets, and plasma. Plasma can be processed into components such as cryoprecipitate, which helps control the risk of bleeding by helping the blood to coagulate. Red cells and platelets are redu...