Collection of Urin Sample
There are three method of collection of urine
- Random collection
- Timed collection
- 24 hour urine sample
Random sample of urine is collected at anytime of the day. This sample is prefer for protein analysis.
2. Timed collection
Timed collection is obtained at specific time of the day or during specific phase of nuituration
Ex :- Glucose tolerance test
3. 24 hour collection
This collection is used for all the clinically important biomolecules in urine sample with excepting fasting urine sample.
Urine analysis
Test for Glucose
Benedict's qualitative test-
Take 5ml benedict qualitative reagent then add 8 drops of Urine Sample boil the sample
Blue Colour > nil > Glucose absent
Green colour > 0.5gm% > Glucose Present
Yellow colour > 1gm% > Glucose Present
Orange Colour > 1.5gm%> Glucose Present
Red Colour > 2 or more gm% Glucose Present
Presence of glucose in urine sample is called Glycosuria.
It is abserved in :-
- Deasease of pancreas
- Renal Glycosudia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyper pituitaridism
Test for Ketone Bodies
Rothras Test:-
5ml of urine sample+Solid Ammonium+ freshly prepared sodium Nitroprusside Solution + strong ammonium by the site of the test tube.
Observation :-
Deep purple ring at the junction of two layers
Inference:-
Ketone Bodies present
Notes :>
There are 3 types of ketone bodies Acetoacetate Beta hydroxy butyric acid & Acetone in case of ketosis ketone bodies appear in urine in following conditions Ketone bodies are appear in urine :-- Diabetes Malitus
- Starvation
- Sever vomiting
Notes :- In case of diabetes Malitus both benedict , qualitative test & both rothras test are positive.
In case of starvation only rothras test is +ve benedict is -ve
Test for Protein
1. Heat and acitic acid test -
A test tube is filled with urine ⅔rd the upper portion is void by holding the tube at the bottom. If cloudiness us presence of phasphate or protein then add 1- 3 drops of 20% Acetic Acid and boil the top portion again
Observation :-
If cloudiness is dissolved or dissappeared
Inference :- Phasphate Protein
Observation :- If coagulation coagulum is form
Inference :- Protein is present
- The presence of protein is the urine sample is called protein urea. The first protein detected in urine is Albumin, So the present of Albumin in the urine sample Albumin Urea.
Physiological Albumin Urea
- In take of high protein diet
- Sever exercise
- Pregnancy
Pathological Albumin Urea -
- In case of Glomerulonephritis
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Infection in lower urinary tract
2. Sulphosalicylic acid test > ( also known as emergency protein test / bed side test )
Take 3ml of urine sample then add drop wise sulphosalicylic acid
Observation :-
White precipitate
Inference :-
Protein present
Test for bile pigments
Fouchate's test :-
Take 5ml of urine sample + 1ml MgSo⁴ + 2ml 10% Bacl2 filter it. On the ppt in the filter paper add 1 to 2 drops of fouchate's test
Observation :-
Colour change from yellow to pista green
Inference :-
Bile pigment present.
- Bile pigment ( bilirubin / biliverdin ) present in the urine sample in case of haemolytic jaundice, hepatitic jaundice, abstructive jaundice of hepatitis.
