Erum Education

 What is a red blood cell count? Red blood cell count is a blood test used by your doctor to determine how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. It is also known as erythrocyte count. Testing is important because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues. The amount of RBCs you have can affect how much oxygen your tissues receive. Your tissues need oxygen to function. Symptoms of an abnormal count If your RBC score is too high or too low, you may experience symptoms and problems. If you have a low RBC score, symptoms may include: fatigue shortness of breath dizziness, weakness, or lightheadedness, particularly when you change positions quickly increased heart rate headaches pale skin If you experience these symptoms your  doctor may control the RBC count. fatigue shortness of breath joint pain tenderness in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet itching skin, particularly after a shower or bath sleep disturbance If you experience these symptoms ...

 DEFINATION Human Anatomy: It is the branch of science that studies the physical structure of human body. • Physiology: It is the branch of biology that deals with the internal working of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration and reproduction. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting with the cell and ending with the entire organism. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION • There are six levels of organization (from smallest to largest) 1. The chemical level 2. The cellular level 3. The tissue level 4. The organ level 5. The organ system level 6. The organism level SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY • There are 11 systems of the human body 1. Integumentary system (hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands) 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Endocrine system 5. Cardiovascular system 6. Lymphatic system 7. Respiratory system 8. Digestive system 9. Nervous system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system BAS...

 WHAT IS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? BMLT The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system, consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in human. Organs of Respiratory System: Nose and nasal cavity. Pharynx Larynx Trachea Two bronchi Bronchioles Two Lungs NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY POSITION AND STRUCTURE Main route of air entry. Two cavities divided by a SEPTUM. Anteriorly consist hyaline cartilage. The roof is formed by ethmoid bone The floor is formed by roof of the mouth. The medial wall formed by the septum. The lateral wall formed by the maxilla. RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE The first of the respiratory passages. Warming- Due to the immense vascularity of the mucosa. Filtering and cleaning- This occurs due to hairs which trap larger particles. Humidification - As air travels over the moist mucosa,it becomes saturated with water vapour. PHARYNX What is pharynx? The pharynx is the part of the throat that is ...

Hemoglobin estimation BMLT Hemoglobinometry measurement of the hemoglobin content of the blood, usually with a hemoglobinometer after the hemoglobin has been converted to  cyanmethemoglobin . Haemoglobin Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein attached to red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.  Haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs, exchanges it for carbon dioxide at cellular level, and then transports the carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Indications for hemoglobin estimation To determine presence and severity of anemia To assess response to specific therapy in anemia Screening for polycythemia Estimation of red cell indices Selection of blood donors METHODS OF HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION Colorimetric method Gasometric method Specific gravity/ physical method Chemical method METHODS OF HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION A. COLORIMETRIC METHOD Visual co...

 Dye chemistry and staining procedure Introduction The Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E) is the most widely used histological stain because : comparative simplicity Ability to demonstrate clearly an enormous number of different tissue structures. Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue black  shows good intranuclear detail. Eosin stains cell cytoplasm and most connective tissue fibers in varying shades and intensities of pink, orange, and red. Basics of Staining Stains >chemical substances used to achieve visible color contrast in the microscopic picture of a prepared tissue Staining >treating tissues or cells with a series of reagents so that it acquires a color; no particles of dye are seen and the stained element is transparent Purpose of Staining Outlines tissues and cellular components. Identification of tissues. Establishes the presence or absence of disease processes. Common Staining Method  Most commonly used staining methods are – Hematoxylin and Eos...

WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? BMLT The gastrointestinal tract (digestive  tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut,or alimentary canal) is an organ system within  humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it and absorb energy and nutrients, and  expels the remaining waste as feces. The major organs of the digestive system: Mouth. Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach. Small Intestine. Large Intestine. Rectum Accessory digestive organs: liver gallbladder pancreas. Salivary gland Functions of GI tract Ingestion : taking of food into the alimentary tract. i.e. eating & drinking. Propulsion :mixes & moves the contents along the alimentary tract. Digestion :consist of: Mechanical breakdown of food e.g. mastication (chewing) Chemical digestion of food into small molecules by enzymes. Absorption: this is the process by which digested food substances pass through the walls of some organs of the walls of some organs of the alimentary canal into the blood for...

Histopathology in Practice BMLT Sample Reception,  Sample records Labelling of histology Histology The science concerned with the microscopic structure of tissues and organs in relation to their function. Also called microanatomy Specimen Reception Specimen Unpacking Specimen QC Specimen Labelling Sample Documenting Cassetting Specimen Dissection the stage  Dissecting props Cutting board Forceps Ruler Scalpel / knives / saw Inks / dyes Cassettes / lids Biopsy pads / tissue Filter bags Weighing scales Cut-up dictation Morphology” computer system “Dragon” dictation system Hands-free Just scan the barcode and away we go!! Specimen Categories A. Specimens only requiring transfer from container to tissue cassette. B. Specimens requiring transfer but with standard sampling, counting, weighing or slicing. C. Simple dissection required with sampling needing a low level of diagnostic assessment and/or preparation. D . Dissection and sampling required needing a moderate leve...

 Cardiovascular System BMLT The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels: Arteries (and arterioles) – carry blood away from the heart Capillaries – where nutrient and gas exchange occur Veins (and venules) – carry blood toward the heart. Blood Vessels The Arteries Arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart. The largest artery is the aorta. The middle layer of an artery wall consists of smooth muscle that can constrict to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. Arterioles can constrict or dilate, changing blood pressure. The Capillaries Capillaries have walls only one cell thick to allow exchange of gases and nutrients with tissue fluid. Capillary beds are present in all regions of the body but not all capillary beds are open at the same time. Contraction of a sphincter muscle closes off a bed and blood can flow through an arteriovenous shunt that bypasses the capillary bed. Anatomy of a capillary bed Anatomy of a capillary The Veins Venules...