DEFINATION
Human Anatomy:
It is the branch of science that studies the physical structure of
human body.
• Physiology:
It is the branch of biology that deals with the internal working of
living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration and
reproduction.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting
with the cell and ending with the entire organism.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
• There are six levels of organization (from smallest to largest)
1. The chemical level
2. The cellular level
3. The tissue level
4. The organ level
5. The organ system level
6. The organism level
SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
• There are 11 systems of the human body
1. Integumentary system (hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands)
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Endocrine system
5. Cardiovascular system
6. Lymphatic system
7. Respiratory system
8. Digestive system
9. Nervous system
10. Urinary system
11. Reproductive system
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
• There are 6 most important life processes of human body are :
1. Metabolism: It is the sum of all chemical processes that occurs in the
body.
a) Catabolism: breakdown of complex chemical substance into simpler
components e.g. digestion of protein into amino acids.
b) Anabolism: building up of complex chemical substance from smaller, simpler
components e.g. use of amino acids to build new proteins of the body.
2. Responsiveness: It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
3. Movement: It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single
cells etc.
4. Growth: It is an increase in body size and weight
5. Differentiation: It is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a
specialized state.
6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or to the production of a new individual.
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis- the self-sustaining mechanisms in organisms that tries to
maintain stable internal conditions.
• Without homeostasis, organisms would not be able to have stable
internal conditions, and therefore would not be able to survive.
• Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing
conditions.
The two body systems that largely control the body’s homeostatic
state:
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
•Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by
• external stimuli
•intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
•internal stimuli
• psychological stresses
• exercise
• Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
•If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
CONTROL OFHOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the
external or internal environments.
• Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine
system, acting together or independently.
• The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to
counteract the disruption.
• The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting
hormones.
• Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones usually work
more slowly
BASIC ANATOMICALTERMINOLOGY
ANATOMICAL POSITION
• The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.
TERMINOLOGY
• Reclining Position
• If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position.
• If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.
REGIONAL NAMES
1. Head: It consist of skull and face.
2. Neck: It supports the head.
3. Trunk: It consist of chest, abdomen and pelvis.
4. Upper limb: It consist of the shoulder, armpit,
arm, forearm, wrist.
5. Lower limb: It consist of thigh, ankle, and foot.
SECTIONS
Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures.
They are named according to the plane on which the cut is made and
include
1. Sagittal
2. Frontal
3. Transverse
Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations.
• Superior/Cephalic/Cranial
• Inferior/Caudal
• Anterior/Ventral/Rostral
• Posterior/Dorsal
• Superficial: toward surface
• Deep: away from surface
BODY CAVITIES
1. Cranial
2. Thoracic
3. Abdominal
4. Pelvic 
