Erum Education

Vitamin C for Dark Circles is a common feature in many people. It gives an old look around the eyes and makes them not refreshed. However, some causes behind dark circles aren't treatable, such as genetics, lifestyle habits, and aging. On the other hand, remedies available today to minimize the dark circles are known to be very effective. One of the best remedies to such a problem is using natural antioxidants, such as Vitamin C . This article would cover everything you need to understand in relation to using Vitamin C to reduce dark circles, from understanding the importance of Vitamin C in skin health through to the most effective ways to incorporate it into your skincare routine. What Causes Dark Circles Vitamin C ? Dark circles can be caused due to various factors. Understanding these causes is the first step in ascertaining the most effective treatment. 1. Genetics Vitamin C  Some are born with dark circles because of their genetic makeup. When you inherit thinner skin arou...

 Do you have a cold or flu? Do you need to rehydrate? Or play a lot of sports and looking for a healthy alternative? Try this Homemade Electrolyte Drink Recipe, it's easy and full of flavor and natural ingredients! I love my homemade electrolyte drink. It is refreshing and rehydrating. And there is NO artificial junk in it. Why did I decide to make my own electrolyte recipe? My 8 year old son was sick, and I wanted a homemade Pedialyte alternative. A few years ago he got the stomach flu every few months due to inflammation in his colon (read more about our experience), which we were able to cure with colostrum and probiotic supplementation, gluten-free diet and extra pure cod liver oil. We have the routine below. BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce and gluten-free toast) diet and an electrolyte drink, usually Pedialyte. But when I really started looking at the label, I was horrified to find so many harmful ingredients - like artificial colors and flavors. That's whe...

 Defination of carbohydrate  Carbohydrate are the compound which gives polyhydramoxy aldehyde and keto group on their hydrolysis.  Function of Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body brain cells and RBC are most depends on carbohydrates as the source of energy. Carbohydrates provides 4Kcal/g Starch in plant and glycogen in animal liver and skeleton muscle are the storage from of the Carbohydrate. Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat . - Glycoproteins like cellulose in plant in mirco organism cell wall and exoskeleton of insects is the measure structural component. Mucopolysaccharides are the ground substance of the connective tissue in higher organism. - Glycoproteins  are Glycolipids are the main components of the cell membrane structure.   Classification of Carbohydrates 

INTRODUCTION OF ENZYME Enzymes are synthesized by the cells of all living organisms. They act like catalysts and accelerate the multitude of metabolic reactions upon which life depends. Without exception, all enzymes are proteins and their catalytic activity depends on the presence of a precise conformational structure in the folded polypeptide chains. Even minor alterations in this structure may result in the loss of activity. Enzymes act on specific substrates. Substrate is a substance on which an enzyme acts and a specific end product/s is/are produced. For example, when amylase (enzyme) acts on starch (substrate) the end products produced are maltose and dextrins. Without enzymes life would not be possible. As the biocatalysts, enzymes occupy central role in health and disease. In health, all physiologic processes occur in an ordered, regulated manner mainly due to the catalytic functions of enzymes, which coordinate numerous metabolic reactions inside the cells. Enzymes play very ...

Contents [ hide ] CARBOHYDRATES DEFINITION Carbohydrates are defined as the aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of higher polyhydroxy alcohol or anhydrides of such derivatives. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS Humans and all animals except carnivorous derive the major portion of their food calories from the various types of carbohydrates in their diets. Most of the energy for the metabolic activities of the cell in all organisms is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates (in the form of glucose). In the storage organs of plants (in the form of starch) and in the liver and muscles of animals (in the form of glycogen), they are important food reserve. They also serve as an important component of skeletal structures in plants (in the form of cellulose) and that of outer structure of microorganisms. Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides These consist of single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit which cannot be broken down to simpler substances on hydrolysis. Monosaccharides containing...

Contents [ hide ]  INTRODUCTION of Glassware Glassware used in each section of the laboratory is highlys pecific and expensive. It is necessary to handle glassware carefully to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Clinical laboratory procedures require accurate determinations to measure specific analytes in the various types of specimen. For accurate laboratory work standardized and validated glassware is used. COMPOSITION OF GLASSWARE Laboratory glassware is usually manufactured from borosilicate glass. It is resistant to the action of chemicals with the exception of hydrofluoric acid. It is made to withstand mechanical breakage and a sudden change of temperature. The main ingredients of borosilicate glasS are as follows General Glassware Beakers  These have capacities from 5 ml to 5000 ml (5l). They are generally in a square form, which is cylindrical and has a spout. These are used mainly for the preparation of solutions. Flasks  These have capacities of 25 ml-5000...

Introduction: What is Colorimetry and How Does it Work? In clinical practice it is important to know the concentration of certain compounds is biological samples. Colorimetry is the most windly used technique for quantitative analysis of such compounds. In colorimetric technique the concentration of compounds is determined by measuring the intensity of colour the intensity of colour is propotioned to the concentration of the compound being measured. However many compound of clinical important present in body fluid such as sugar proteins area creatinine etc are not coloured these compounds conform colour complexes by specific chemical reaction and the colour intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of the compound undergoing chemical reaction. The relationship between concentration and colour intensity give by Beer's low and Lambert's Low. Beer's low :-  When monochromatic light passed through a light absorbing medium the intensity of the transmitted light dec...

 Laboratory Responsibilities of the lab works. 1. The lab workers plays an important role to find out the cause of disease by providing the phygicion the required lab test result. 2. The laboratory workers thus helps the patient to get better by providing accurate test finding to the phygicions. 3. The laboratory worker should not offer personal excuses for short coming in the performance of duty. 4. Any error should be reported to the superior without fear, So that they can be corrected. 5. Trust must always be told because a wrong result may lead to patient death. 6. The laboratory technician should look after all equipment carefully and should try to needed for each test. It is necessary to keep the reagent bottles, glassware other laboratory requirement appropriate places after its use. 7. In the course of laboratory testing the laboratory workers gains a lot of information about patient of their illness. Every laboratory worker must maintain high moral to professional standard...

 Collection of Specimen Introduction The specimen which are investigated for various biochemistry analysis or diagnosis of disease to monitor treatment or for research purpose they are- Blood  CFS ( Cerebrospinal Fluid ) Gastric juice  Calculi Pleural Fluid Urine Saliva Sweat Pericardial fluid Sputum Stool For the successful isolation of any pathogen or determination of any particular biomarker in a sample following things are dependent - Types of specimen  Collection time Method of dispatch so the laboratory storage  Aseptic flandling Specimen Collection  Specimen should be collected under aseptic conditions It is necessary to avoid contamination discharge with skin contact. Specimen should be collected in dry spoil containers. Specimen must be clearly labelled with Patient name  Date  Time  Word 5. Each specimen should be collected according to requirement for the investigation. 6. Some Specimen are labelled with high risk and must be with ...

Contents [ hide ] Collection of Urin Sample There are three method of collection of urine  Random collection  Timed collection 24 hour urine sample 1. Random collection Random sample of urine is collected at anytime of the day. This sample is prefer for protein analysis. 2. Timed collection Timed collection is obtained at specific time of the day or during specific phase of nuituration  Ex :- Glucose tolerance test 3. 24 hour collection  This collection is used for all the clinically important biomolecules in urine sample with excepting fasting urine sample. Urine analysis  Test for Glucose  Benedict's qualitative test-  Take 5ml benedict qualitative reagent then add 8 drops of Urine Sample boil the sample  Blue Colour > nil > Glucose absent  Green colour > 0.5gm% > Glucose Present  Yellow colour > 1gm% > Glucose Present Orange Colour > 1.5gm%> Glucose Present Red Colour > 2 or more gm% Glucose Present Pr...

 Determination of urine Glucose by Benedict Method Benedict Method Clinical Significance Glycosuria Diabetic Mellitus  Diabetic Insipidus Metabolic Disorder Principle= When Benedict reagent is heating with urine then present Cupric Ion in reagent is convert into Cuprous ion. This is due to the presence of sodium carbonate on alkaline medium and formation of colour. Benedict reagent colour is blue. Name of method.                  Benedict Method Reagent Name.                      Benedict reagent Preparation of Benedic Reagent Copper Sulphate               17.3gm Sodium Carbonate.          100gm Sodium Citrate.                 173gm Distilled water.                 100ml Requirement Benedict reagent Test tube  Pasture pip...

 Physical Examination Physical Examination  There following analysis in physics Examination. Colour and appearance Order Volume Reaction and ph Specific Gravity 1.Colour and appearance Normal urine is pale yellow colour and strow colour. Abnormal urine is dark colour 2. Order There is no smell in normal urine Bacteria,Smell to Ammonia, sweety and fruity smell is present in abnormal urine 3. Volume Normal Average 1200 to 1500ml/day  Polyuria - Increase secretion of urine 2500ml/day Oliguria - Decrease secretion of urine 500ml/day Anuria - Absent secretion of urine 4. Reaction and ph Normal urine is acidic and its ph is 4.6 to 6.9 Urine is acidic in the condition of eating high protein diet and acidic fruit and the condition of eating high vegetable and alkaline fruit contains alkaline urine. 5. Specific Gravity Specific Gravity in normal urine is 1.003 to 1030 Procedure of Physical Examination Approves the color and appearance of urine.  Measure the volume of urine wi...

  Urine Analysis How many types of urine Analysis There are three types of urine Analysis Physical Examination Chemical Examination Microscopic Examination Urine Examination Introduction Clinical Significance Sample collection and Preservation Types of Examination 1. Introduction To detect metabolic or endocrine disturbance perform by Chemical Examination and second purpes of identifying urinary tract and kidney disease. Generally in urine glucose protein bile kiton body bile salt bile pigment etc are absent but disease conditions this is pass out by the urine.  Composition of normal urine Volume.                    1200ml to 1500 ml per day Specific Gravity       1.003 to 1.030 Reaction.                    Acidic Ph.                              6.0 Colour.        ...

The characteristics of urine include the physical and chemical aspects that are often evaluated as part of a urinalysis. Some of these are described in this section, and others are included in Appendix D: Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Urine Tests. Amount —normal urinary output per 24 hours is 1 to 2 liters. Many factors can significantly change output. Excessive sweating or loss of fluid through diarrhea will decrease urinary output (oliguria) to conserve body water. Excessive fluid intake will increase urinary output (polyuria) . Consumption of alcohol will also increase output because alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH, and the kidneys will reabsorb less water. Color —the typical yellow color of urine (from urochrome, a breakdown product of bile) is often referred to as “straw” or “amber.” Concentrated urine is a deeper yellow (amber) than is dilute urine. Freshly voided urine is also clear rather than cloudy. Specific gravity —the normal range is 1.010 to 1.025; this is ...