Erum Education

 Very Short answer  What is tissue and classification of tissue What Is paraffin Define H&E staining Name special stain for connective tissue Principal of gram stain Name stain used in cytological study . What is metachromatic stain with example Define dark ground microscope Special stain for carbohydrates What is pigment in the tissue Shot questions Define metachromasia and discuss any one metachromasia dye Special stain for muscle fibres Special stain for elastic fibres What is minerals and pigment in the tissue and demonstration? Describe hematoxylin stain and it's importance in histology Essay types Questions Definition microscope and their maintenance magnification power all types of microscope and discuss working principle of dark ground microscope and interference microscope Describe epithelial tissue and classification functions of Epithelial Tissue and classification functions of connective tissue.

 Very short answer the questions 1. Enumerate the infection produced by staphylococcus. Ans :-  2. Name 4 gram Negative Bacilli. Ans :-  3. Name 2 coagulase positive staphylococcus. Ans :-  4. Name two selective media for corynebacterium diphtheria. Ans:-  5. Name four biochemical test for differece or Escherichiacoli and klebsiekkasp  Ans :- 6. Enumerate Neisseriasp  Ans :-  7. Name four anaerobic bacteria Ans :- 8. Enumerate the different types of candida sp Ans :-  9. Name biochemical test for identification of psedomonas aoruginosa. Ans :- 

Contents [ hide ]  INTRODUCTION of Glassware Glassware used in each section of the laboratory is highlys pecific and expensive. It is necessary to handle glassware carefully to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Clinical laboratory procedures require accurate determinations to measure specific analytes in the various types of specimen. For accurate laboratory work standardized and validated glassware is used. COMPOSITION OF GLASSWARE Laboratory glassware is usually manufactured from borosilicate glass. It is resistant to the action of chemicals with the exception of hydrofluoric acid. It is made to withstand mechanical breakage and a sudden change of temperature. The main ingredients of borosilicate glasS are as follows General Glassware Beakers  These have capacities from 5 ml to 5000 ml (5l). They are generally in a square form, which is cylindrical and has a spout. These are used mainly for the preparation of solutions. Flasks  These have capacities of 25 ml-5000...

Introduction: What is Colorimetry and How Does it Work? In clinical practice it is important to know the concentration of certain compounds is biological samples. Colorimetry is the most windly used technique for quantitative analysis of such compounds. In colorimetric technique the concentration of compounds is determined by measuring the intensity of colour the intensity of colour is propotioned to the concentration of the compound being measured. However many compound of clinical important present in body fluid such as sugar proteins area creatinine etc are not coloured these compounds conform colour complexes by specific chemical reaction and the colour intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of the compound undergoing chemical reaction. The relationship between concentration and colour intensity give by Beer's low and Lambert's Low. Beer's low :-  When monochromatic light passed through a light absorbing medium the intensity of the transmitted light dec...

 Laboratory Responsibilities of the lab works. 1. The lab workers plays an important role to find out the cause of disease by providing the phygicion the required lab test result. 2. The laboratory workers thus helps the patient to get better by providing accurate test finding to the phygicions. 3. The laboratory worker should not offer personal excuses for short coming in the performance of duty. 4. Any error should be reported to the superior without fear, So that they can be corrected. 5. Trust must always be told because a wrong result may lead to patient death. 6. The laboratory technician should look after all equipment carefully and should try to needed for each test. It is necessary to keep the reagent bottles, glassware other laboratory requirement appropriate places after its use. 7. In the course of laboratory testing the laboratory workers gains a lot of information about patient of their illness. Every laboratory worker must maintain high moral to professional standard...

 Collection of Specimen Introduction The specimen which are investigated for various biochemistry analysis or diagnosis of disease to monitor treatment or for research purpose they are- Blood  CFS ( Cerebrospinal Fluid ) Gastric juice  Calculi Pleural Fluid Urine Saliva Sweat Pericardial fluid Sputum Stool For the successful isolation of any pathogen or determination of any particular biomarker in a sample following things are dependent - Types of specimen  Collection time Method of dispatch so the laboratory storage  Aseptic flandling Specimen Collection  Specimen should be collected under aseptic conditions It is necessary to avoid contamination discharge with skin contact. Specimen should be collected in dry spoil containers. Specimen must be clearly labelled with Patient name  Date  Time  Word 5. Each specimen should be collected according to requirement for the investigation. 6. Some Specimen are labelled with high risk and must be with ...

Contents [ hide ] Collection of Urin Sample There are three method of collection of urine  Random collection  Timed collection 24 hour urine sample 1. Random collection Random sample of urine is collected at anytime of the day. This sample is prefer for protein analysis. 2. Timed collection Timed collection is obtained at specific time of the day or during specific phase of nuituration  Ex :- Glucose tolerance test 3. 24 hour collection  This collection is used for all the clinically important biomolecules in urine sample with excepting fasting urine sample. Urine analysis  Test for Glucose  Benedict's qualitative test-  Take 5ml benedict qualitative reagent then add 8 drops of Urine Sample boil the sample  Blue Colour > nil > Glucose absent  Green colour > 0.5gm% > Glucose Present  Yellow colour > 1gm% > Glucose Present Orange Colour > 1.5gm%> Glucose Present Red Colour > 2 or more gm% Glucose Present Pr...

 Pernicious Anemia A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B12. It is an organ specific auto immune diseases in which the body's immune system attacks the lining of the stomach.It was considered as a deadly disease due to the lack of available treatment. Pernicious anemia is most common in caucasian persons of north European ancestry than in other racial groups. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is a water-solu ble vitamin that keeps your nerves and red blood cells healthy. It is responsible for the smooth functioning of several critical body processes. It helps to form red blood cells. It is found in animal foods including meat, fish, eggs, milk and other dairy products. Causes Intrinsic factor(IF) is a glycoprotein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vit812. When the stomach does not make enough IF, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. As a result it can cause permanent damage to nerves and other organs. Also parietal...

 Introduction: Cross Matching is a procedure performed prior to a blood transfusion to determine whether donor blood is compatible (or incompatible) with recipient blood. Compatibility is determined through matching of different blood group systems, the most important of which are the ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood. Purpose of Cross Matching The crossmatch is routinely used as the final step of pretransfusion compatibility testing. The purposes of compatibility testing are to detect: irregular antibodies; errors in ABO grouping, and clerical errors in patient identification and result recording. The crossmatch will detect the following: 1. Most recipient antibodies directed against antigens on the donor red blood cells. 2. Major errors in ABO grouping, labeling, and identification of donors and recipients. Principle Cross-matching will detect incompatibilities between the donor and recipient th...

Contents [ hide ]  Objective 1. Describe the basis of blood typing. 2. Know about ABO and Rh system of blood typing and their clinical Significance. 3. Describe incompatibilities ABO and Rh Systems. 4. Know the different types of blood transfusions and their complications ( transfusions reaction ). 5. Describe the basis of the blood typing and crossmatching tests for a safe blood transfusion. Basis of Blood grouping or Typing (Multiplicity of Antigens in the blood cells) At least 30 commonly occurring antigens have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs. These can cause Ag-Ab (antibody) reaction if mixed with plasma that contain Ab against these Ag. According to presence or absence of these antigens blood is classified into several groups or types. Two groups of Ag can cause transfusion reactions more than others: ABO and Rh systems of Ag. ABO System for Blood Typing A and B Antigens Agglutinogens ABO blood types Relative frequency of different blood types: O.    4...

 The Importance of Hematology Glassware in Medical Laboratories Likewise, presence of impurities in glass labware can distort the meniscus and can prevent one from getting the correct results out of the science lab experiment. Keeping the laboratory glassware physically neat and clean, free of grease, and bacteria is therefore of the utmost importance. Which Types of Hematology Glasswares are Available? Test tub e:- They are used to heat and hold reagents to monitor chemical reactions. Test Tubes Racks :- Used to hold the test tube vertically. These are made of metal or plastic. Test Tube Holder:- Used during heating test tube. Funnel :- It is used during filtration. Volumetric Glassware: Includes cylinders, pipes, burette and volumetric bottles; is used to measure the precise volume of a liquid. a. Dropping Bottle: Allow the liquid to flow in a downward direction wisely. Non-Volumetric Glassware: 1. Beaker:-  It is used to heat liquids and to prepare a reagent solution. 2.Pet...

  CBC measures the number of three types of cells in your blood: Help diagnose other blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma Find out if the cancer has spread to the bone marrow See how the human body reacts to cancer treatment Find other conditions, other than cancer If you receive chemotherapy, your doctor may check your blood cell count more often using CBC. What does a complete blood count measure? CBC measures the number of three types of cells in your blood: Number of white blood cells. The number of white blood cells, also called leukocytes, measures the total number of white blood cells in a blood sample. These cells protect the body from infection by attacking invading bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the body. Some white blood cells can also attack cancer cells. Differences in white blood cells. The difference in white blood cells measures the amount of each type of white blood cell. There are five major types of white blood cells, and each type p...

 What is a red blood cell count? Red blood cell count is a blood test used by your doctor to determine how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. It is also known as erythrocyte count. Testing is important because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues. The amount of RBCs you have can affect how much oxygen your tissues receive. Your tissues need oxygen to function. Symptoms of an abnormal count If your RBC score is too high or too low, you may experience symptoms and problems. If you have a low RBC score, symptoms may include: fatigue shortness of breath dizziness, weakness, or lightheadedness, particularly when you change positions quickly increased heart rate headaches pale skin If you experience these symptoms your  doctor may control the RBC count. fatigue shortness of breath joint pain tenderness in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet itching skin, particularly after a shower or bath sleep disturbance If you experience these symptoms ...

 DEFINATION Human Anatomy: It is the branch of science that studies the physical structure of human body. • Physiology: It is the branch of biology that deals with the internal working of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration and reproduction. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting with the cell and ending with the entire organism. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION • There are six levels of organization (from smallest to largest) 1. The chemical level 2. The cellular level 3. The tissue level 4. The organ level 5. The organ system level 6. The organism level SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY • There are 11 systems of the human body 1. Integumentary system (hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands) 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Endocrine system 5. Cardiovascular system 6. Lymphatic system 7. Respiratory system 8. Digestive system 9. Nervous system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system BAS...

 WHAT IS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? BMLT The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system, consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in human. Organs of Respiratory System: Nose and nasal cavity. Pharynx Larynx Trachea Two bronchi Bronchioles Two Lungs NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY POSITION AND STRUCTURE Main route of air entry. Two cavities divided by a SEPTUM. Anteriorly consist hyaline cartilage. The roof is formed by ethmoid bone The floor is formed by roof of the mouth. The medial wall formed by the septum. The lateral wall formed by the maxilla. RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE The first of the respiratory passages. Warming- Due to the immense vascularity of the mucosa. Filtering and cleaning- This occurs due to hairs which trap larger particles. Humidification - As air travels over the moist mucosa,it becomes saturated with water vapour. PHARYNX What is pharynx? The pharynx is the part of the throat that is ...