Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

By Sam
Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Complete article to Iron Overload Disorder | Symptoms, Genetics, Testing, and Management Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE) is one of the most common genetic disorders affecting iron metabolism in the human body. Despite its prevalence, it remains widely underdiagnosed due to its slow progression and non-specific early symptoms. This condition leads to excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in vital organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and skin. Over time, this excess iron can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications. In this comprehensive article, we will explore what Hereditary Haemochromatosis is, how it develops, its genetic basis, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and long-term outlook. This article is designed to be informative, easy to understand, and valuable for patients, caregivers, medical students, and hea...
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Urine Examination Based on physical Examination Medical science

By Sam

 Physical Examination

Physical Examination 



There following analysis in physics Examination.
  • Colour and appearance
  • Order
  • Volume
  • Reaction and ph
  • Specific Gravity

1.Colour and appearance

  • Normal urine is pale yellow colour and strow colour.
  • Abnormal urine is dark colour


2. Order



  • There is no smell in normal urine
  • Bacteria,Smell to Ammonia, sweety and fruity smell is present in abnormal urine

3. Volume

Normal Average 1200 to 1500ml/day 
  • Polyuria - Increase secretion of urine 2500ml/day
  • Oliguria - Decrease secretion of urine 500ml/day
  • Anuria - Absent secretion of urine

4. Reaction and ph

Normal urine is acidic and its ph is 4.6 to 6.9

Urine is acidic in the condition of eating high protein diet and acidic fruit and the condition of eating high vegetable and alkaline fruit contains alkaline urine.

5. Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity in normal urine is 1.003 to 1030

Procedure of Physical Examination

  1. Approves the color and appearance of urine. 
  2. Measure the volume of urine with the help of measuring cylinder.
  3. To test the reaction, put a drop of urine on blue litmus paper with the help of a pasteur pipette and note down the reaction.
Colour Change blue to red - Acetic Urine 

No colour Change - Alkaline

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