Erum Education

 Pernicious Anemia A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B12. It is an organ specific auto immune diseases in which the body's immune system attacks the lining of the stomach.It was considered as a deadly disease due to the lack of available treatment. Pernicious anemia is most common in caucasian persons of north European ancestry than in other racial groups. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is a water-solu ble vitamin that keeps your nerves and red blood cells healthy. It is responsible for the smooth functioning of several critical body processes. It helps to form red blood cells. It is found in animal foods including meat, fish, eggs, milk and other dairy products. Causes Intrinsic factor(IF) is a glycoprotein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vit812. When the stomach does not make enough IF, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. As a result it can cause permanent damage to nerves and other organs. Also parietal...

Contents [ hide ]  Objective 1. Describe the basis of blood typing. 2. Know about ABO and Rh system of blood typing and their clinical Significance. 3. Describe incompatibilities ABO and Rh Systems. 4. Know the different types of blood transfusions and their complications ( transfusions reaction ). 5. Describe the basis of the blood typing and crossmatching tests for a safe blood transfusion. Basis of Blood grouping or Typing (Multiplicity of Antigens in the blood cells) At least 30 commonly occurring antigens have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs. These can cause Ag-Ab (antibody) reaction if mixed with plasma that contain Ab against these Ag. According to presence or absence of these antigens blood is classified into several groups or types. Two groups of Ag can cause transfusion reactions more than others: ABO and Rh systems of Ag. ABO System for Blood Typing A and B Antigens Agglutinogens ABO blood types Relative frequency of different blood types: O.    4...

 The Importance of Hematology Glassware in Medical Laboratories Likewise, presence of impurities in glass labware can distort the meniscus and can prevent one from getting the correct results out of the science lab experiment. Keeping the laboratory glassware physically neat and clean, free of grease, and bacteria is therefore of the utmost importance. Which Types of Hematology Glasswares are Available? Test tub e:- They are used to heat and hold reagents to monitor chemical reactions. Test Tubes Racks :- Used to hold the test tube vertically. These are made of metal or plastic. Test Tube Holder:- Used during heating test tube. Funnel :- It is used during filtration. Volumetric Glassware: Includes cylinders, pipes, burette and volumetric bottles; is used to measure the precise volume of a liquid. a. Dropping Bottle: Allow the liquid to flow in a downward direction wisely. Non-Volumetric Glassware: 1. Beaker:-  It is used to heat liquids and to prepare a reagent solution. 2.Pet...

  CBC measures the number of three types of cells in your blood: Help diagnose other blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma Find out if the cancer has spread to the bone marrow See how the human body reacts to cancer treatment Find other conditions, other than cancer If you receive chemotherapy, your doctor may check your blood cell count more often using CBC. What does a complete blood count measure? CBC measures the number of three types of cells in your blood: Number of white blood cells. The number of white blood cells, also called leukocytes, measures the total number of white blood cells in a blood sample. These cells protect the body from infection by attacking invading bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the body. Some white blood cells can also attack cancer cells. Differences in white blood cells. The difference in white blood cells measures the amount of each type of white blood cell. There are five major types of white blood cells, and each type p...

 What is a red blood cell count? Red blood cell count is a blood test used by your doctor to determine how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. It is also known as erythrocyte count. Testing is important because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues. The amount of RBCs you have can affect how much oxygen your tissues receive. Your tissues need oxygen to function. Symptoms of an abnormal count If your RBC score is too high or too low, you may experience symptoms and problems. If you have a low RBC score, symptoms may include: fatigue shortness of breath dizziness, weakness, or lightheadedness, particularly when you change positions quickly increased heart rate headaches pale skin If you experience these symptoms your  doctor may control the RBC count. fatigue shortness of breath joint pain tenderness in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet itching skin, particularly after a shower or bath sleep disturbance If you experience these symptoms ...

Hemoglobin estimation BMLT Hemoglobinometry measurement of the hemoglobin content of the blood, usually with a hemoglobinometer after the hemoglobin has been converted to  cyanmethemoglobin . Haemoglobin Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein attached to red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.  Haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs, exchanges it for carbon dioxide at cellular level, and then transports the carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Indications for hemoglobin estimation To determine presence and severity of anemia To assess response to specific therapy in anemia Screening for polycythemia Estimation of red cell indices Selection of blood donors METHODS OF HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION Colorimetric method Gasometric method Specific gravity/ physical method Chemical method METHODS OF HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION A. COLORIMETRIC METHOD Visual co...

 Preparation of specimen collection Material Disposable Syringe and needle Cotton  Tourniquet 70% Alcohol Clean and dry bottle Test tube with anticoagulant Blood Collection Material Collection of blood Routine hematological tests that requires small amount of blood for them, blood is collected by pricking the finger and ear lob. Blood is collected by vain puncture for such hematological tests in which larg amount of blood are required. Collection of Capillary blood by skin Puncture. Clean blood collection areas with 70% Alcohol or Spirits . Prick should be done with the help of needle at the place of clean. The prick should be So deep that the blood comes out easily  The first drop of blood should be clean with the help of cotton. Second drop should be used for test. Number of test by Capillary blood:- Hemoglobin RBC Count, WBC Count, Platelets Count DLC Count  Bleeding time  Clotting time  Blood Group Rh type  Notes :- Capillary blood should be used ...

 What is Blood Formation Introduction Formation Blood  Blood is a type of connective tissue in which the following types of Physical properties arr found. Color  Volume  Reaction & ph  Specific Gravity Viscosity 1. Color:- Blood is a fluid which is Red in color. Arterial blood is Red and Venus blood is purple red. 2. Volume:- 4 to 5 liter blood in a normal person. 3. Reaction & ph:- It is slightly Alkaline and its ph is 7.4. 4.Specific Gravity Total Blod         -.    1.052 to 1.061 Blood cells       -.     1.092 to 1.101 Plasma.             -      1.022 to 1.026 5. Viscosity:-  It is 5 timea thickwr than water. Which is caused by blood cells and plasma. Composition of Blood Blood has three main function Transport Protection Requlation Transport.   Blood transport the following substances gases, namely Oxygen (O²) and car...

 Semen Analysis Sperm sample Senem's examination is done at the following points. Physical Examination Microscope Examination 1. Physical Examination Quantity:- Normally this is under 3 to 4ml . Viscosity:- Fresh collect semen is very thick and should swell on its own within 15 to 30 minutes. Color:- Generally semen's color is blurred white. ph :-. Mostly it is base (ph= 7.2 to 8.0 ) Sperm Microscope Examination 2. Microscopic Examination: Microscopic examination should be fought as soon as the semen becomes completely liquid within 15 to 20 minutes of semen collection. 1. Sperm count Requirement:-  Neubauer Chamber Cover slip  Microscope WBC pipette Semen Diluting Fluid (Sodium Bicarbonate 5gm, Formalin, Phenol 1ml, Distill Water 100ml) Procedure:-  After mixing the semen properly, take 0.5 marks in the WBC pipette. It is filled with semen Dilution solution up to 10 marks. Waits for 2 minutes and then count the sperm in the microscope. Count the quadrilaterals with ...

 Hemocytometry Introduction  RBC count WBC count Platelets count  Eosinophil count Reticulocyte count  Introduction Counting of cells found in blood is done under hematometry. 1. Counting chamber is used in this technique and in this technique blood friendly diluting fluid is used 2. Counting of RBC , WBC, Platelets, Eosinophile, Reticulote is done by this technique. 3. Manual counting of total cells is done with the help of microscope. RBC Count Clinical Significance:  1. Total RBC at the time of birth 6.5 to 7 million and after some time it comes to the normal level. 2. RBC Count is increase in the condition of Cholera, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Heart disease, Polycythemia. 3. RBC Count is decrease in the condition of Pregnancy, Old Age , Anemia. Principal:  When blood specimen is diluted with RBC diluting fluid at 1:200 dilution and cells are counted at high power objective (40x). Normal Value :  Male.        4.5 to 6 Million/ cum...

Anticoagulant BMLT Anticoagulant is the substance that prevents blood clotting is called anticoagulant. The substance that prevents blood from clotting inside the body is called in vivo and the substance that prevents blood from clotting outside the body is called In vitro. Various types of Anticoagulant . Heparin  EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid ) Oxalate Compound Citrate Anticoagulant Heparin  It is made by mast cell where it is found in larg quantities outside the capillary of tissues and organs. Basophil cells also secrete heparin. Commercially, heparin is made from organs other than the animal's liver. Use - Heparin is an antimicrobial that is used both in vivo and in vitro. Clinical use  1.Intra Vascular (V.I) injection (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) of heparin stop blood clotting for 3 4 hour (Body weight) 2. Prevents blood clotting by the I.V (intra Vascular) after surgery 3. Cardiac surgery when blood is transferred through the heart, lungs 4.If there is a delay in ...