Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

By Sam
Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Complete article to Iron Overload Disorder | Symptoms, Genetics, Testing, and Management Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE) is one of the most common genetic disorders affecting iron metabolism in the human body. Despite its prevalence, it remains widely underdiagnosed due to its slow progression and non-specific early symptoms. This condition leads to excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in vital organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and skin. Over time, this excess iron can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications. In this comprehensive article, we will explore what Hereditary Haemochromatosis is, how it develops, its genetic basis, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and long-term outlook. This article is designed to be informative, easy to understand, and valuable for patients, caregivers, medical students, and hea...
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Chemical Examination Urine Glucose by Benedict Method

By Sam

 Determination of urine Glucose by Benedict Method

Benedict Method


Clinical Significance

  • Glycosuria
  • Diabetic Mellitus 
  • Diabetic Insipidus
  • Metabolic Disorder

Principle=

When Benedict reagent is heating with urine then present Cupric Ion in reagent is convert into Cuprous ion. This is due to the presence of sodium carbonate on alkaline medium and formation of colour. Benedict reagent colour is blue.

Name of method.                 Benedict Method
Reagent Name.                     Benedict reagent

Preparation of Benedic Reagent

Copper Sulphate               17.3gm
Sodium Carbonate.          100gm
Sodium Citrate.                 173gm
Distilled water.                 100ml

Requirement

  • Benedict reagent
  • Test tube 
  • Pasture pipette
  • Bunsen burner
  • Test tube holder
  • Specimen
Procedure

  1. 5ml Benedic Reagent in a test tube by the help of pipette
  2. Now add 7 to 8 drop urin in test tube 
  3. Heat with the help of Bunsen burner
  4. Observe the colour
 
Results
1. No colour Change - Glucose absent
2. Colour Change.      - Glucose present

  • Yellow green.  = +
  • Green yellow  = ++
  • Orange.            = +++
  • Brick Red.        = ++++

Benedict test result

Benedict test result

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