Erum Education

Anticoagulant BMLT Anticoagulant is the substance that prevents blood clotting is called anticoagulant. The substance that prevents blood from clotting inside the body is called in vivo and the substance that prevents blood from clotting outside the body is called In vitro. Various types of Anticoagulant . Heparin  EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid ) Oxalate Compound Citrate Anticoagulant Heparin  It is made by mast cell where it is found in larg quantities outside the capillary of tissues and organs. Basophil cells also secrete heparin. Commercially, heparin is made from organs other than the animal's liver. Use - Heparin is an antimicrobial that is used both in vivo and in vitro. Clinical use  1.Intra Vascular (V.I) injection (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) of heparin stop blood clotting for 3 4 hour (Body weight) 2. Prevents blood clotting by the I.V (intra Vascular) after surgery 3. Cardiac surgery when blood is transferred through the heart, lungs 4.If there is a delay in ...

What is ESR Test  Erythrocyte erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) may be a test that obliquely measures the degree of inflammation present within the body. The test actually measures the speed of fall (sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) during a sample of blood that has been placed into a tall, thin, vertical tube. Results are reported because the millimeters of clear fluid (plasma) that are present at the highest portion of the tube after one hour. When a sample of blood is placed during a tube, the red blood cells normally settle out relatively slowly, leaving little clear plasma. The red cells settle at a faster rate within the presence of an increased level of proteins, particularly proteins called acute phase reactants. the extent of acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen increases within the blood in response to inflammation. Inflammation is a component of the body's immune reaction . It are often acute, developing rapidl...

 Liver  Introduction The liver is the largest of the abdominal viscera, occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity. It performs a wide range of metabolic activities necessary for homeostasis, nutrition and immune defence. It is composed largely of epithelial cells (hepatocytes), which are bathed in blood derived from the hepatic portal veins and hepatic arteries. Hepatocytes are also associated with an extensive system of minute canals, which form the biliary system into which products are secreted. The liver lies in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity. It occupies most of the right hypochondrium and epigastrium, frequently extends into the left hypochondrium as far as the left lateral line. In adults the liver weighs 2% of body mass. an overall wedge shape The liver capsule plays an important part in maintaining the integrity of its shape. Once the capsule is lacerated, the liver tissue is easily parted and provides only imited support for surgical...

 Antibody and Antigen Reaction Introduction  Antigen cobine with its specific antibody is an observable manner and the reaction between antigen and antibody is specific  Uses : In the body : it from the basis of immunity agents infection disease.                    It may lead to tissue injury in some hyper sensitive reaction and auto immune disease                     2  Detection and quantitative of either antigen and antibody . Characteristics :Reaction is specific and Antigen combine only with its homologous antibody . Intier molecular of antigen and antibody react  and not the fregments. Antigen and antibody can combine in verifiny proportion antibody are generally  bia valent all though IgM may have five or more combing sites. A single antigen can cause different type of antigen, antibody reaction and single antigen can estimulate production of differen...

  Urinary Bladder   The urinary bladder is a transitory stockpiling repository for pee. It is situated in the pelvic hole, back to the symphysis pubis, and beneath the parietal peritoneum. The size and state of the urinary bladder fluctuates with the measure of pee it contains and with the pressing factor it gets from encompassing organs.  The inward covering of the urinary bladder is a mucous layer of momentary epithelium that is constant with that in the ureters. At the point when the bladder is vacant, the mucosa has various folds called rugae. The rugae and temporary epithelium permit the bladder to grow as it fills.  The second layer in the dividers is the submucosa, which upholds the mucous film. It is made out of connective tissue with versatile strands.  The following layer is the muscularis, which is made out of smooth muscle. The smooth muscle strands are joined every which way and, altogether, these are known as the detrusor muscle. Constriction of th...

 Determination of urine Glucose by Benedict Method Benedict Method Clinical Significance Glycosuria Diabetic Mellitus  Diabetic Insipidus Metabolic Disorder Principle= When Benedict reagent is heating with urine then present Cupric Ion in reagent is convert into Cuprous ion. This is due to the presence of sodium carbonate on alkaline medium and formation of colour. Benedict reagent colour is blue. Name of method.                  Benedict Method Reagent Name.                      Benedict reagent Preparation of Benedic Reagent Copper Sulphate               17.3gm Sodium Carbonate.          100gm Sodium Citrate.                 173gm Distilled water.                 100ml Requirement Benedict reagent Test tube  Pasture pip...

 Physical Examination Physical Examination  There following analysis in physics Examination. Colour and appearance Order Volume Reaction and ph Specific Gravity 1.Colour and appearance Normal urine is pale yellow colour and strow colour. Abnormal urine is dark colour 2. Order There is no smell in normal urine Bacteria,Smell to Ammonia, sweety and fruity smell is present in abnormal urine 3. Volume Normal Average 1200 to 1500ml/day  Polyuria - Increase secretion of urine 2500ml/day Oliguria - Decrease secretion of urine 500ml/day Anuria - Absent secretion of urine 4. Reaction and ph Normal urine is acidic and its ph is 4.6 to 6.9 Urine is acidic in the condition of eating high protein diet and acidic fruit and the condition of eating high vegetable and alkaline fruit contains alkaline urine. 5. Specific Gravity Specific Gravity in normal urine is 1.003 to 1030 Procedure of Physical Examination Approves the color and appearance of urine.  Measure the volume of urine wi...

  Urine Analysis How many types of urine Analysis There are three types of urine Analysis Physical Examination Chemical Examination Microscopic Examination Urine Examination Introduction Clinical Significance Sample collection and Preservation Types of Examination 1. Introduction To detect metabolic or endocrine disturbance perform by Chemical Examination and second purpes of identifying urinary tract and kidney disease. Generally in urine glucose protein bile kiton body bile salt bile pigment etc are absent but disease conditions this is pass out by the urine.  Composition of normal urine Volume.                    1200ml to 1500 ml per day Specific Gravity       1.003 to 1.030 Reaction.                    Acidic Ph.                              6.0 Colour.        ...

  Author: Praful B Godkar, Darshan P Godkar Edition: 3rd Publisher: Bhalani Publishing House Volume(s) : 2 Year: 2014 ISBN: 9789381496190 Pages: 1648 Product Type: Paper Back Condition: New Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology (Set of 2 Volumes) is a comprehensive set of two books for undergraduate students of Medicine. The book comprises chapters on clinical biochemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology, molecular biology and cytogenetics, histopathology and cytogenetics techniques. Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Download free Praful B Godkar free pdf Downlo...

  Classification of Bacteria Gram Stain Gram Stain   If you will see in microscopic Gram Positive bacteria will seen in Purple colour and Gram Nagative bacteria will be seen in red pink colour. Gram positive Gram positive bacteria on the bases of Shape will be divided into two types Gram Positive Cocci And Gram Positive Rods    Cocci Means  Round Shape and on the Bassis of positive cocci bacteria Classified into Staphylococcus , Strepto Coccus , Enterococcus and Peptostreptococcus and Stophylococcus , streptococcus, Enterococcus are either aerob and facultative anerobs while Peptostreptococcus is an aerob bacteria . These bacteria need O2 or not on that based also we can say that it will be divided  Important questions By which test we can differentiate between or by which biochemical test we can differentiate between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Ans  Catalyst test  Download pdf 

Stools Examination Full notes Pdf download free What is Stool Examination Introduction Advantages of Stool Examination Microscopic Examination Preparation of Slides  Concentration of Stool Sample Microscopic examination Chemical Examination Introduction Normal amount of Stools in an adult 100-200 g/day Stools are composed of 6 Water (upto 75%) Undigested residues Food which is digested but not absorbed Bile , cpithelial cell , Secretion from digestive tract Inorganic material  Bacteria  Stool analysis determines the various Properties of then stool for digestive pruposes Introduction Advantages of Stool Examination Collection of Stools Sample Microscopic Examination Preparation of Slides Concentration of Stools Sample Chemical Examination Advantages of Stools examination Examination of Stools acids in investigation of GIT diseases * Evaluation of dysentery Identification of causative organism is definitive in amebic v/s bacilley dysentery of GIT diseases # Bacteriology Ex...

Growth of bacteria in which Culture media Download Note BMLT Bacteria What is Bacteria   Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion. In other cases, bacteria are destructive, causing diseases like pneumonia and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Structure Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are classified as prokaryotes, which are single-celled organisms with a simple internal structure that lacks a nucleus, and contains DNA that either floats freely in a twisted, thread-like mass called the nucleoid, or in separate, circular pieces called plasmids. Ribosomes are the spherical units in the bacterial cell where proteins are assembled from individual amino acids using the information encoded in ribosomal R...

Difference between Histology and Cytology The main difference between cytology and histology is that cytology is that the study of chemistry, structure, and performance of animal and plant cells, whereas histology is that the study of chemical composition, microscopic structure, and performance of tissue and tissue systems. Furthermore, cytology may be a narrow study area, while histology may be a wide study area. Histology    Cut of any normal tissue that is Histology Cytology     The study of individual cells of blood in         Cytology. This study is done by staining        the slides by microscopic examination          with the help of various immunological        techniques and by Cyto-chemical                    techniques. Histology Introduction Organization Glassware Hazard & Safety Microtome Paraffin Embedding Fixation F...