Erum Education

Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections that are acquired during a hospital stay or healthcare facility visit. These infections can occur in patients, healthcare workers, or visitors and are typically not present or incubating at the time of admission. Nosocomial infections are a significant concern in healthcare settings due to their impact on patient outcomes, increased healthcare costs, and the potential for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Common types of nosocomial infections include: 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): UTIs are the most common type of nosocomial infection. They often result from the use of urinary catheters, which can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract. 2. Surgical site infections (SSIs): SSIs occur after surgical procedures and can involve the incision site or deeper tissues. Factors such as improper surgical technique, contaminated instruments, or post-operative complications contribute to ...

A hot air oven is a device used for heating and sterilizing items using dry heat. It consists of an enclosed chamber that is heated to a specific temperature by an electric heating element or gas burner. The hot air circulates inside the oven, ensuring even distribution of heat and effectively sterilizing the items placed inside. Hot air ovens are commonly used in laboratories, medical facilities, and research institutions for sterilizing equipment, glassware, and other heat-resistant materials.

Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical gram-positive bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a common member of the body's microbiota, often found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen. Although Staphylococcus aureus usually acts as a component of the human microbiota, it can also become an opportunistic pathogen, which is a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis and food poisoning. Pathogenic species often drive infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins and expression of a cell surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for antimicrobial resistance-related deaths, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global problem in ...

  Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria (germ) commonly found in the environment, such as in soil and water. Of the many different species of Pseudomonas, the one that causes the most infection in humans is called Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can cause infections of the blood, lungs (pneumonia) or other parts of the body after surgery. These bacteria are constantly looking for new ways to avoid the effects of antibiotics used to treat the infections they cause. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria stop responding to antibiotics designed to kill them. If they develop resistance to various types of antibiotics, these germs can become multi-drug resistant. Who is at risk by Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Those most at risk are hospitalized patients, especially those: On breathing machines (ventilators) With devices such as catheters With wounds from surgery or burns How Pseudomonas aeruginosa is it spread? Pseudomonas aeruginosa lives in the environment and can spread to people in...

Lyophilization and freeze drying are synonymous. Lyophilization is a water removal process typically used to preserve perishable materials, to extend shelf life or make the material more convenient for transport.

What is an amoeba? Amoebae are single-celled microbes that "crawl" and can sometimes eat your brain. Amoeba proteus with algae filled vacuoles for food production. (Image credit: Getty Images ) "Amoeba" is a term that describes a simple eukaryotic organism that moves in a characteristic crawling manner. However, a comparison of the genetic content of different amoebae shows that these organisms are not necessarily closely related. WHAT DOES AN AMOEBA LOOK LIKE? All living organisms can be broadly divided into two groups — prokaryotes and eukaryotes — characterized by the relative complexity of their cells. Eukaryotes are highly organized unicellular or multicellular organisms such as animals and plants. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, are basic single-celled organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Amoebae are eukaryotes. Their individual cells, like those of other eukaryotes, have certain distinguishing features: Their cell contents are enclosed in a cell membrane, ...

  Staphylococcus Staphylococcus are Gram Positive cocci it is arranged in grapes like cluster. they are the commonest causes of suppuration. They are medically important species of genus staphylococcus includes Staphylococcus aureus ( pathogenic infection of man) staphylococcus epidermids staphylococcus saprophyticus. ( skin commensal ) Under the microscope theu appears spherical ( cocci ) and form in grapes cluster. Morphology of staphylococcus They are Gram Positive cocci arranged in groups like cluster non motile and non sporing approximately 1 mm in diameter and it Nanna flagellated organism. Culture media staphylococcus They grow rapidly on ordinary culture media. The optimum temperature is grow 41°C and optimum PH 7.4-7.6 They aerobic and facultative anaerobes Nutrient Agar for staphylococcus After overnight of 24 hour incubation the colonies are to 2 to 4 mm in diameter circular smooth convex and easily emulsifiable. Blood Agar for staphylococcus Colonies are similar to thei...

Identification of bacteria After isolation of bacteria in pure culture from a specimen it has to be identification. Bacteria are identified routinely by morphological and biochemical test supplemented as need by specialised test such as Syria type antibiotic. Morphology of bacteria Colony the following features of the calling our study Size  surface  shape  colour  haemolysis. Growth in liquid media Media bacteria growth may be a following forms Uniform terbidity Deposits of bottom Surface pelical formation  Stanning of Bacteria  Staining method are emploed to examine. Smell prepared from the bacteria Colony or liquid culture commonly used as follows. Gram stain Albert stain Zn staining Heinging drop preparation Differentiate motile bacteria from non motile onces  Bacteria test The widely used biochemical test are described below Sugar fermentation It determines the ability of an organism to permit a specific carbohydrate in corporated in a medium pro...

 Very short answer the questions 1. Enumerate the infection produced by staphylococcus. Ans :-  2. Name 4 gram Negative Bacilli. Ans :-  3. Name 2 coagulase positive staphylococcus. Ans :-  4. Name two selective media for corynebacterium diphtheria. Ans:-  5. Name four biochemical test for differece or Escherichiacoli and klebsiekkasp  Ans :- 6. Enumerate Neisseriasp  Ans :-  7. Name four anaerobic bacteria Ans :- 8. Enumerate the different types of candida sp Ans :-  9. Name biochemical test for identification of psedomonas aoruginosa. Ans :- 

 Staphylococci BMLT Microbiology Clinical significance Of Staphylococci BMLT Staphylococci can cause many types of infections. (1) S aureus causes skin lesions (abscesses, styes) and local abscesses on some sites. (2) S aureus causes serious infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin diseases (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections of surgical wounds and, through S epidermidis, causes infections associated with internal medical equipment. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins from food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by releasing superantigens into the bloodstream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other types of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warrneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are rare viruses. Structure of Staphylococci BMLT Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci 1μm in diameter. Build collections Classif...

What is Virus BMLT Introduction of Virus Viruses are microbes that cannot be seen by wearing naked eyes.  The study of viruses is called virology. A single virus is called a virion Virus is the smallest, obligate, intracellular infective agent Two types of nucleic acids are found in virus. Viruses multiply by complex presses not by binary fission. Viruses do not do any metabolic activity outside the living cell. Viruses grow only on living cells, do not grow on artificial media No particular cell wall and cellular enzymes are found in the virus. Size of Virus Its size is 10um- 300um Virus particles are called viruses. The largest virus is the small pox virus, whose size is 300 cm. The smallest virus is Parvo virus, whose size is 10-17um. Structure:- Each cell contains nucleic acid which is coated by a protein called capsid. When nucleic acid is enclosed with capsid it is called nucleocapsid. The capsid is made up of a large number of protein subunits called capsomeres. Some viruses...

Entamoeba Gingivalia Only trophozoite stage of Entamoeba Gingivalia is obtained but no cyst occurs. The size of the trophozoite is 10 to 20 mm. Actively motile multiple pseudopodia along the epithelial cell with bacteria ingesting food vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Nucleus rounded shape central karyosome and nuclear membrane cause chromatin granules in line. Entamoeba Gingivalia Trophozoite Mode of Transmission :- By Direct Oral Contact And Droplets Of Saliva And Clomid. Epidemiology:-  It is obtained in vaginal and cervical smears when humans use intrauterine devices in a contaminant manner.It Appears in Dog, Cat and Monkey's Mouth. Giardia lamblia Geographical Distribution- World Wide Habitat:-  Present in the upper part of duodenum and jejunum. Most Common Intestine Protozoa Flagella Pathogen That Cause Diarrhoea. Marphology :- On the basis of morphology it is divided into two faces. Trophozoites  Cyst 1. Trophozoites :- Rounded anterior and posterior or size 14πm Long, ...

Entamoeba Histolytica   BMLT   Geographical Distribution - World Wide  Habitat:- Entomoeba histolytica was discovered by Losch in 1875 in dysentery feces of a patient in Russia. It is found in the intestine and liver. Marphology :-  Entomoeba histolytica was discovered by Loch in 1875 in dysentery faces of a patient in Russia. It is found in the intestine and liver. Trophozoit Stage  Pre-Cyst Stage  Cyst Stage  1. Trophozoit Stage :- Trophozoit stage and Vegetative stage parasite are growing or feeding stage. Their shape is not fixed due to change of position. Their size is 18 to 40mm Its cytoplasm appears in two parts. Ectoplasm and Endoplasm Its nucleus is of spherical shape and the size of the nucleus keeps on increasing and decreasing from 4 to 6 mm. In fresh preparation the nucleus is not visible due to rapid movement but when the motility is reduced.So a slight outline of the nucleus becomes visible inside the body of the parasite. Stained prepa...

 Amoeba  Best Sellers in Industrial & Scientific Introduction :-  Amoeba is a simple structurally protozoa that never has a fixed shape. Amoeba 🦠 Phylum          - Sarcomastigophora Sub Phylum  - Sarcodina Order             - Amoeboid Class.           - Lobosea The following genus has been placed under this order Entamoeba Genus  Entamoeba Histolytica Entamoeba Coil  Entamoeba Gingivalis Endolimax Nana . Indamoeba Genus  Iodamoeba Genus  Iodamoeba Butschlii Its ketoplasm is bound by a unit membrane called outer ectoplasm and can differentiate into inner endoplasm. Pseudopodia are formed by outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm produces bound projection. Pseudopodia's process keeps getting worse which produces an immediate change in the shape of the cell. These pseudopods help in swallowing and locomotion through phagocytosis. Amoeba is a free living parasite. ...