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Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

By Sam
Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Complete article to Iron Overload Disorder | Symptoms, Genetics, Testing, and Management Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE) is one of the most common genetic disorders affecting iron metabolism in the human body. Despite its prevalence, it remains widely underdiagnosed due to its slow progression and non-specific early symptoms. This condition leads to excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in vital organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and skin. Over time, this excess iron can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications. In this comprehensive article, we will explore what Hereditary Haemochromatosis is, how it develops, its genetic basis, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and long-term outlook. This article is designed to be informative, easy to understand, and valuable for patients, caregivers, medical students, and hea...
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Staphylococcus aureus

By Sam
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Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical gram-positive bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a common member of the body's microbiota, often found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen. Although Staphylococcus aureus usually acts as a component of the human microbiota, it can also become an opportunistic pathogen, which is a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis and food poisoning. Pathogenic species often drive infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins and expression of a cell surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens for antimicrobial resistance-related deaths, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global problem in ...
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Staphylococcus introduction morphology biochemical test and treatment

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  Staphylococcus Staphylococcus are Gram Positive cocci it is arranged in grapes like cluster. they are the commonest causes of suppuration. They are medically important species of genus staphylococcus includes Staphylococcus aureus ( pathogenic infection of man) staphylococcus epidermids staphylococcus saprophyticus. ( skin commensal ) Under the microscope theu appears spherical ( cocci ) and form in grapes cluster. Morphology of staphylococcus They are Gram Positive cocci arranged in groups like cluster non motile and non sporing approximately 1 mm in diameter and it Nanna flagellated organism. Culture media staphylococcus They grow rapidly on ordinary culture media. The optimum temperature is grow 41°C and optimum PH 7.4-7.6 They aerobic and facultative anaerobes Nutrient Agar for staphylococcus After overnight of 24 hour incubation the colonies are to 2 to 4 mm in diameter circular smooth convex and easily emulsifiable. Blood Agar for staphylococcus Colonies are similar to thei...
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Identification of bacteria and biochemical tests with introduction and result

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Identification of bacteria After isolation of bacteria in pure culture from a specimen it has to be identification. Bacteria are identified routinely by morphological and biochemical test supplemented as need by specialised test such as Syria type antibiotic. Morphology of bacteria Colony the following features of the calling our study Size  surface  shape  colour  haemolysis. Growth in liquid media Media bacteria growth may be a following forms Uniform terbidity Deposits of bottom Surface pelical formation  Stanning of Bacteria  Staining method are emploed to examine. Smell prepared from the bacteria Colony or liquid culture commonly used as follows. Gram stain Albert stain Zn staining Heinging drop preparation Differentiate motile bacteria from non motile onces  Bacteria test The widely used biochemical test are described below Sugar fermentation It determines the ability of an organism to permit a specific carbohydrate in corporated in a medium pro...
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BMLT 2nd year Sessional eaxm Question paper Microbiology

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 Microbiology 2nd year 2×5 = 10 Very Short answers  1 Father of microbiology. Ans = Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2 Three name of gram positive bacteria. Ans = Streptococcus Stephylococcus and Pneumococcus 3. Define disinfectant. 4. Discuss sterilization.  5. Principal of gram stain. Ans = That is use to identify bacteria physical and chemical properties. 6. Three name of gram negative bacteria. Ans = Neisseria , Pseudomonas and Haemophilus 7. Any three name of biochemical test. Ans = Carbohydrates Fermentation test , Catalase test and Indole production test 8. Two name of DNA virus Ans = Hepatitis B Virus and Smallpox viruses 9. Explain serial dilution technique. 10. Two name of RNA virus Ans = Hepatitis C virus And COVID-19 Short Answers (5×5=25) 1. Morphology and Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus ape. 2. Principal and procedure of AFB stain with results.  3. Clinical disease and laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 4. Principal and procedure o...
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Staphylococci Clinical significance structure and classification BMLT Microbiology

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 Staphylococci BMLT Microbiology Clinical significance Of Staphylococci BMLT Staphylococci can cause many types of infections. (1) S aureus causes skin lesions (abscesses, styes) and local abscesses on some sites. (2) S aureus causes serious infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin diseases (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections of surgical wounds and, through S epidermidis, causes infections associated with internal medical equipment. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins from food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by releasing superantigens into the bloodstream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other types of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warrneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are rare viruses. Structure of Staphylococci BMLT Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci 1μm in diameter. Build collections Classif...
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What is Carbohydrate and function

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 Defination of carbohydrate  Carbohydrate are the compound which gives polyhydramoxy aldehyde and keto group on their hydrolysis.  Function of Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body brain cells and RBC are most depends on carbohydrates as the source of energy. Carbohydrates provides 4Kcal/g Starch in plant and glycogen in animal liver and skeleton muscle are the storage from of the Carbohydrate. Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat . - Glycoproteins like cellulose in plant in mirco organism cell wall and exoskeleton of insects is the measure structural component. Mucopolysaccharides are the ground substance of the connective tissue in higher organism. - Glycoproteins  are Glycolipids are the main components of the cell membrane structure.   Classification of Carbohydrates 
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Introduction of Enzyme , enzyme as catalysts, Functional enzymes and non-functional Enzyme

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INTRODUCTION OF ENZYME Enzymes are synthesized by the cells of all living organisms. They act like catalysts and accelerate the multitude of metabolic reactions upon which life depends. Without exception, all enzymes are proteins and their catalytic activity depends on the presence of a precise conformational structure in the folded polypeptide chains. Even minor alterations in this structure may result in the loss of activity. Enzymes act on specific substrates. Substrate is a substance on which an enzyme acts and a specific end product/s is/are produced. For example, when amylase (enzyme) acts on starch (substrate) the end products produced are maltose and dextrins. Without enzymes life would not be possible. As the biocatalysts, enzymes occupy central role in health and disease. In health, all physiologic processes occur in an ordered, regulated manner mainly due to the catalytic functions of enzymes, which coordinate numerous metabolic reactions inside the cells. Enzymes play very ...
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Carbohydrates definition and important functions Digestion of Carbohydrates

By Sam
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Contents [ hide ] CARBOHYDRATES DEFINITION Carbohydrates are defined as the aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of higher polyhydroxy alcohol or anhydrides of such derivatives. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS Humans and all animals except carnivorous derive the major portion of their food calories from the various types of carbohydrates in their diets. Most of the energy for the metabolic activities of the cell in all organisms is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates (in the form of glucose). In the storage organs of plants (in the form of starch) and in the liver and muscles of animals (in the form of glycogen), they are important food reserve. They also serve as an important component of skeletal structures in plants (in the form of cellulose) and that of outer structure of microorganisms. Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides These consist of single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit which cannot be broken down to simpler substances on hydrolysis. Monosaccharides containing...
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