Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

By Sam
Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Complete article to Iron Overload Disorder | Symptoms, Genetics, Testing, and Management Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HFE) is one of the most common genetic disorders affecting iron metabolism in the human body. Despite its prevalence, it remains widely underdiagnosed due to its slow progression and non-specific early symptoms. This condition leads to excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in vital organs such as the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and skin. Over time, this excess iron can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications. In this comprehensive article, we will explore what Hereditary Haemochromatosis is, how it develops, its genetic basis, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and long-term outlook. This article is designed to be informative, easy to understand, and valuable for patients, caregivers, medical students, and hea...
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Staphylococci Clinical significance structure and classification BMLT Microbiology

By Sam

 Staphylococci BMLT Microbiology

Clinical significance Of Staphylococci BMLT

Staphylococci can cause many types of infections. (1) S aureus causes skin lesions (abscesses, styes) and local abscesses on some sites. (2) S aureus causes serious infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin diseases (furunculosis). (3) S aureus is a major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections of surgical wounds and, through S epidermidis, causes infections associated with internal medical equipment. (4) S aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins from food. (5) S aureus causes toxic shock syndrome by releasing superantigens into the bloodstream. (6) S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections, especially in girls. (7) Other types of staphylococci (S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warrneri, S schleiferi, S intermedius) are rare viruses.

Staphylococci BMLT


Structure of Staphylococci BMLT

Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci 1μm in diameter. Build collections

Classification of Staphylococci BMLT

S aureus and S intermedius are coagulase positive. All other staphylococci have a negative coagulase. They are salt tolerant and usually hemolytic. Diagnosis requires biotype analysis.

Pathogenesis Of Staphylococci BMLT

S aureus reveals many potential virulence factors. (1) Excess protein promotes connective tissue. (2) Potential substances that prevent phagocytosis (capsule, a protein that binds immunoglobulin A). (3) Toxins that damage the underlying tissues and cause symptoms. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are generally harmless and present a few risk factors. S epidermidis easily colonized implanted devices.

Treatment of Staphylococci BMLT

Out-of-hospital infections can usually be treated with act-lactam-resistant penicillinase. Infections found in the hospital are usually caused by antibiotic-resistant strains and can only be treated with vancomycin

Diagnosis of Staphylococci BMLT

Diagnosis is based on experiments and colonies. Examination of clumping factor, coagulase, hemolysins and thermostable deoxyribonuclease are frequently used to identify S aureus. Commercial latex

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